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1 Brown Egyptian
Cotton having a long, clean and easily worked staple, of golden-brown colour, the fibre is tough and very strong, but shorter and coarser than Gallini. -
2 Brown Cloths
A linen trade term for the cloths used by tailors and clothiers for linings, etc. The class includes buckram, holland, roughs, duck and canvas. All are plain weave. -
3 Brown Cotton
An early maturing cotton from Mississippi; has a short staple. -
4 Brown Hemp
The name in Bombay for Sunn Hemp. -
5 Brown Holland
An all-flax cloth for use as window blinds, so named, as it is woven from natural coloured yams. It is a plain weave fabric in many qualities; made 36-in. to 39-in. wide, 48 X 48 per inch, loom state. -
6 Brown Matchings
A wool-sorter's term for wool taken from the flanks of the English cross-bred fleece and spins about 30's quality. Is a lower grade than " neat " (see Matchings) -
7 Brown Osnaburg
Irish or Scottish-made fabrics for the American trade, woven from strong hemp or flax yarns in plain weave. The yarns are rough and the cloth is shipped grey. -
8 Brown Sheeting
Plain grey cloths, unfinished, of all weights, and 30-in. wide and upwards. A general term. Three qualities are as under: - 30-in., 64 X 60, 30's/24's; 36-in., 72 X 58, 34's/20's; 44-in., 72 X 56, 36's/24's. -
9 Brown Shirting
Plain grey cotton cloths, 26-in. to 40-in. wide, sized warps, and in all weights. A general term. -
10 Brown Silesia
The Silesia linen unbleached. -
11 Brown Sour
The American term for the souring process in bleaching, and consists of passing the cloth through tanks of water containing sulphuric or hydrochloric acid or sometimes both. This souring process counteracts the action of any caustic soda or lime that may remain in the cotton fibre after liming. -
12 Brown-Mood procedure
= Mood-Brown procedureFrench\ \ procédure de Brown-MoodGerman\ \ Brown-Moodsches VerfahrenDutch\ \ procedure van Brown-MoodItalian\ \ procedura di Brown-MoodSpanish\ \ procedimiento de Brown-MoodCatalan\ \ procediment de Brown-MoodPortuguese\ \ procedimento de Brown-Mood; procedimento de Mood-BrownRomanian\ \ Brown-Mood procedurii; Mood-Brown proceduraDanish\ \ Brown-Mood procedure; Mood-Brown procedureNorwegian\ \ Brown-Mood prosedyre; Mood-Brown prosedyreSwedish\ \ Brun-Mood förfarandet; Mood-Brown förfarandeGreek\ \ Καφέ-Mood διαδικασία; Mood-Brown διαδικασίαFinnish\ \ Brownin-Moodin menetelmä; Brownin-Moodin proseduuriHungarian\ \ Brown-Mood-eljárásTurkish\ \ Brown-Mood işlemi; Mood-Brown işlemiEstonian\ \ Brown-Moodi protseduurLithuanian\ \ Brown ir Mood procesas; Brauno ir Mudo procedūraSlovenian\ \ Brown-Mood postopek; Mood-Brown postopekPolish\ \ postępowanie Browna-MoodaRussian\ \ процедура Брауна-МудаUkrainian\ \ Браун-Настрій процедури; Настрій-Браун процедуриSerbian\ \ Бровн-Моод поступка; расположењу Браун поступакIcelandic\ \ Brown-Mood aðferð; Mood-Brown starfsreglurEuskara\ \ Brown-Mood prozedura; Mood-Brown prozeduraFarsi\ \ -Persian-Farsi\ \ براون مود روش; خلق روش براونArabic\ \ طريقة براون - مودAfrikaans\ \ Brown-Mood-prosedureChinese\ \ 布 朗 ― 穆 德 过 程Korean\ \ 브라운-무드 절차 -
13 Brown's method
French\ \ méthode de BrownGerman\ \ Methode von BrownDutch\ \ methode van BrownItalian\ \ metodo di BrownSpanish\ \ método de BrownCatalan\ \ mètode de BrownPortuguese\ \ método de BrownRomanian\ \ metoda BrownDanish\ \ BrownmetodeNorwegian\ \ Brown metodeSwedish\ \ BrownmetodGreek\ \ μέθοδος BrownFinnish\ \ Brownin menetelmäHungarian\ \ Brown-módszerTurkish\ \ Brown yöntemi (metodu)Estonian\ \ Browni meetodLithuanian\ \ Brown metodas; Brauno metodasSlovenian\ \ Brownova metodaPolish\ \ metoda BrownaRussian\ \ метод БраунаUkrainian\ \ -Serbian\ \ Браунов методIcelandic\ \ Brown aðferðEuskara\ \ Brown-ren metodoFarsi\ \ r veshe BrownPersian-Farsi\ \ -Arabic\ \ طريقة براونAfrikaans\ \ Brown se metodeChinese\ \ 布 朗 方 法Korean\ \ 브라운 방법 -
14 Brown, Joseph Rogers
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 26 January 1810 Warren, Rhode Island, USAd. 23 July 1876 Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, USA[br]American machine-tool builder and co-founder of Brown \& Sharpe.[br]Joseph Rogers Brown was the eldest son of David Brown, who was modestly established as a maker of and dealer in clocks and watches. Joseph assisted his father during school vacations and at the age of 17 left to obtain training as a machinist. In 1829 he joined his father in the manufacture of tower clocks at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and two years later went into business for himself in Pawtucket making lathes and small tools. In 1833 he rejoined his father in Providence, Rhode Island, as a partner in the manufacture of docks, watches and surveying and mathematical instruments. David Brown retired in 1841.J.R.Brown invented and built in 1850 a linear dividing engine which was the first automatic machine for graduating rules in the United States. In 1851 he brought out the vernier calliper, the first application of a vernier scale in a workshop measuring tool. Lucian Sharpe was taken into partnership in 1853 and the firm became J.R.Brown \& Sharpe; in 1868 the firm was incorporated as the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company.In 1855 Brown invented a precision gear-cutting machine to make clock gears. The firm obtained in 1861 a contract to make Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machines and gave up the manufacture of clocks. At about this time F.W. Howe of the Providence Tool Company arranged for Brown \& Sharpe to make a turret lathe required for the manufacture of muskets. This was basically Howe's design, but Brown added a few features, and it was the first machine tool built for sale by the Brown \& Sharpe Company. It was followed in 1862 by the universal milling machine invented by Brown initially for making twist drills. Particularly for cutting gear teeth, Brown invented in 1864 a formed milling cutter which could be sharpened without changing its profile. In 1867 the need for an instrument for checking the thickness of sheet material became apparent, and in August of that year J.R.Brown and L.Sharpe visited the Paris Exhibition and saw a micrometer calliper invented by Jean Laurent Palmer in 1848. They recognized its possibilities and with a few developments marketed it as a convenient, hand-held measuring instrument. Grinding lathes were made by Brown \& Sharpe in the early 1860s, and from 1868 a universal grinding machine was developed, with the first one being completed in 1876. The patent for this machine was granted after Brown's sudden death while on holiday.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven: Yale University Press; repub. 1926, New York and 1987, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications Inc. (further details of Brown \& Sharpe Company and their products).R.S.Woodbury, 1958, History of the Gear-Cutting Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press ——, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.——, 1960, History of the Milling Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.RTS -
15 Brown, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. unknownd. 1849 England[br]English cooper, inventor of a gas vacuum engine.[br]Between the years 1823 and 1833, Brown achieved a number of a firsts as a pioneer of internal-combustion engines. In 1824 he built a full-scale working model of a pumping engine; in 1826, a vehicle fitted with a gas vacuum engine ascended Shooters Hill in Kent; and in 1827 he conducted trials of a motor-driven boat on the Thames that were witnessed by Lords of the Admiralty. The principle of Brown's engine had been demonstrated by Cecil in 1820. A burning gas flame was extinguished within a closed cylinder, creating a partial vacuum; atmospheric pressure was then utilized to produce the working stroke. By 1832 a number of Brown's engines in use for pumping water were reported, the most notable being at Croydon Canal. However, high fuel consumption and running costs prevented a wide acceptance of Brown's engines, and a company formed in 1825 was dissolved only two years later. Brown continued alone with his work until his death.[br]Bibliography1823, British patent no. 4,874 (gas vacuum engine).1826, British patent no. 5,350 (improved gas vacuum engine).1846, British patent no. 11,076, "Improvements in Gas Engines and in Propelling Carriages and Vessels" (no specification was enrolled).Further ReadingVarious discussions of Brown's engines can be found in Mechanics Magazine (1824) 2:360, 385; (1825) 3:6; (1825) 4:19, 309; (1826) 5:145; (1826) 6:79; (1827) 7:82–134; (1832) 17:273.The Engineer 182:214.A.K.Bruce, Samuel Brown and the Gas Engine.Dugald Clerk, 1895, The Gas and Oil Engine, 6th edn, London, pp. 2–3.KAB -
16 brown
[braun]1. adjective1) of a dark colour between red and yellow:بنّـيHer eyes are brown.
2) suntanned:أسْمَرُ اللون، أسْفعShe was very brown after her holiday in Greece.
2. noun1) (any shade of) a colour similar to toasted bread, tanned skin, coffee etc.اللون البُنّي2) something (eg paint, polish etc) brown in colour:البنّيI prefer the brown to the green.
3. verbto make or become brown.يَسْمَرُّ، يَتَسَفَّعُ -
17 Brown, Charles Eugene Lancelot
[br]b. 17 June 1863 Winterthur, Switzerlandd. 2 May 1924 Montagnola, Italy[br]English engineer who developed polyphase electrical generation and transmission plant.[br]After attending the Technical College in Winterthur, Brown served with Emile Burgin in Basle before entering the Oerlikon engineering works near Zurich. Two years later he became Director of the electrical department of Oerlikon and from that time was involved in the development of electrical equipment for the generation and distribution of power. The Lauffen-Frankfurt 110-mile (177 km) transmission line of 1891 demonstrated the commercial feasibility of transmitting electrical power over great distances with three-phase alternating current. For this he designed a generator and early examples of oil-cooled transformers, and the scheme gave an impetus to the development of electric-power transmission throughout Europe. In 1891, in association with Walter Boveri, Brown founded the works of Brown Boveri \& Co. at Baden, Switzerland, and until his retirement in 1911 he devoted his energies to the design of polyphase alternating-current machinery. Important installations included the Frankfurt electricity works (1894), the Paderno-Milan transmission line, and the Lugano tramway of 1894, the first system in Europe to use three-phase traction motors. This tramway was followed by many other polyphase and mountain railways. The acquisition by Brown Boveri \& Co. in 1900 of the manufacturing rights of the Parsons steam turbine directed Brown's attention to problems associated with high-speed machines. Recognizing the high centrifugal stress involved, he began to employ solid cylindrical generator rotors with slots for the excitation winding, a method that has come to be universally adopted in large alternators.[br]Bibliography3 December 1901, British patent no. 24,632 (slotted rotor for alternators).Further ReadingObituary, 1924, The Engineer 137:543.Ake T.Vrenthem, 1980, Jonas Wenstrom and the Three Phase System, Stockholm, pp. 26–8 (obituary).75 Years of Brown Boveri, 1966, Baden, Switzerland (for a company history).GWBiographical history of technology > Brown, Charles Eugene Lancelot
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18 Brown
m.1 Brown, John Brown.2 Brown, Robert Brown.3 Brown. -
19 brown
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20 Brown Co.
f.Brown Co., Brown.
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